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United
Kingdom

As the dominant
industrial and maritime power of the 19th century, the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland played a leading role in developing parliamentary
democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith,
the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface.
The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously
depleted in two World Wars and the Irish republic withdraw from the
union. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and
the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation.
As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding
member of NATO, and of the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach
to foreign policy; it currently is weighing the degree of its integration
with continental Europe. A member of the EU, it chose to remain outside
the Economic and Monetary Union for the time being. Constitutional
reform is also a significant issue in the UK. The Scottish Parliament,
the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly
were established in 1999, but the latter was suspended until May 2007
due to wrangling over the peace process.
The UK, a leading
trading power and financial center, is one of the quintet of trillion
dollar economies of Western Europe. Over the past two decades, the
government has greatly reduced public ownership and contained the
growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly
mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60%
of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large
coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas
reserves are declining and the UK became a net importer of energy
in 2005; energy industries now contribute about 4% to GDP. Services,
particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by
far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to
decline in importance. Since emerging from recession in 1992, Britain's
economy enjoyed the longest period of expansion on record during which
time growth outpaced most of Western Europe. The global economic slowdown,
tight credit, and falling home prices, however, pushed Britain back
into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompted the BROWN government
to implement a number of new measures to stimulate the economy and
stabilize the financial markets; these include part-nationalizing
the banking system, cutting taxes, suspending public sector borrowing
rules, and bringing forward public spending on capital projects. The
Bank of England periodically coordinates interest rate moves with
the European Central Bank, but Britain remains outside the European
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), and opinion polls show a majority
of Britons oppose joining the euro.
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